English is generally recognized as the
international language for professional astronomy. However, the
various languages often also have their own words which are used in
everyday speech.
English Sun Mercury Venus Earth Moon Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Latin Sol Mercurius Venus Terra Luna Mars Jupiter Saturnus Uranus Neptunus Pluto French Soleil Mercure Vénus Terre Lune Mars Jupiter Saturne Uranus Neptune Pluton Italian Sole Mercurio Venere Terra Luna Marte Giove Saturno Urano Nettuno Plutone Spanish Sol Mercurio Venus Tierra Luna Marte Júpiter Saturno Urano Neptuno Plutón Galacian Sol Mercurio Venus Terra Lúa Marte Xúpiter Saturno Urano Neptuno Plutón Catalan Sol Mercuri Venus Terra Lluna Mart Júpiter Saturn Ura Neptú Plutó Romanian Soare Mercur Venus Pamint Luna Marte Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptun Pluto Portuguese Sol Mercúrio Vénus Terra Lua Marte Júpiter Saturno Urano Neptuno Plutão Esperanto Suno Merkuro Venuso Tero Luno Marso Jupitero Saturno Urano Neptuno Plutono German Sonne Merkur Venus Erde Mond Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptun Pluto Dutch Zon Mercurius Venus Aarde Maan Mars Jupiter Saturnus Uranus Neptunus Pluto Swedish Solen Merkurius Venus Jorden Månen Mars Jupiter Saturnus Uranus Neptunus Pluto Norwegian Sola Merkur Venus Jorda Månen Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptun Pluto Danish Solen Merkur Venus Jorden Månen Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptun Pluto Finnish Aurinko Merkurius Venus Maa Kuu Mars Jupiter Saturnus Uranus Neptunus Pluto Estonian Päike Merkuur Veenus Maa Kuu Mars Jupiter Saturnus Uraanus Neptun Pluuto Latvian Saule Merkurs Vene'ra Zeme Me'ness Marss Jupiters Saturns Ura'ns Neptu'ns Pluto Hungarian Nap Merkùr Vénusz Föld Hold Mars Jupiter Szaturnusz Uránusz Neptunusz Plútó Czech Slunce Merkur Venuse Zeme Mesíc Mars Jupiter Saturn Uran Neptun Pluto old Czech Slunce Dobropan Krasopani Zeme Mesic Smrtonos Kralomoc Hladolet Nebestanka Vodopan Pluto Slovenian Sonce Merkur Venera Zemlja Mesec Mars Jupiter Saturn Uran Neptun Pluton Croatian Sunce Merkur Venera Zemlja Mjesec Mars Jupiter Saturn Uran Neptun Pluton Polish Slonce Merkury Wenus Ziemia Ksiezyc Mars Jowisz Saturn Uran Neptun Pluton Russian Solnce Merkurij Venera Zemlja Luna Mars Yupiter Saturn Uran Neptun Pluton Greek Helios Hermes Aphrodite Gaea Selene Ares Zeus Kronos Uranos Poseidon Pluton Sanskrit Surya Budha Sukra Dhara Chandra Mangala Brhaspati Sani Irish Grian Mearcair Véineas An Domhan Gealach Mars Iúpatar Satarn Uránas Neiptiún Plútón Welsh Haul Mercher Fenws Ddaear Lleuad Mawrth Iau Sadwrn Iwranws Neifion Pliwto Turkish Günes Merkür Venüs Dünya Ay Mars Jüpiter Satürn Uranüs Neptün Plüton Uzbek Quyosh Utorid Zuhra Yer Oy Mirrikh Mushtarij Zuhal ? ? ? Farsi Khorshid Tir Zohreh Zamin Mah Merrikh Moshtari Kayvon Oranos Nepton Pluton Arabic Shams Otaared Zuhra Ard Quamar Merrikh Mushtarie Zuhal Uraanus Niptuun Plutoon Hebrew Shemesh Kokhav Khama Nogah Arets Yareakh Ma'adim Tzedek Shabtay Uranus Neptune Pluto Cantonese Taiyeung Suising Gumsing Deiqao Yueqao Fuosing Moqsing Tousing Tinwongsing Huoiwongsing Mengwongsing Mandarin Taiyang Shuixing Jingxing Diqiu Yuequi Huoxing Muxing Tuxing Tianwangxing Haiwangxing Mingwangxing Korean Taeyang Soosung Kumsung Jeegoo Dahl Hwasung Moksung Tosung Chunwangsung Haewangsung Myungwangsung Japanese Taiyou Suisei Kinsei Chikyu Tsuki Kasei Mokusei Dosei Tennousei Kaiousei Meiousei Filipino Araw Merkuryo Venus Mundo Buwan Marte Jupiter Saturno Uranus Neptuno Pluto Sumerian Utu Udu-idim-gu-ud Nin-si-an-na Suen Si-mu-ud Mul-sag-me-gar Udu-idim-sag-us Babylonian Samas Sihtu Delebat Sin Salbatanu Neberu Kayamanu Tahitian Tane Ta'ero Ta'ura Vuravura Marama Maunu-'ura Ta'urua-nui Fetu-tea
Notes:
The English adjectives relating to the planets do not always
derive simply from the noun forms:
Noun Adjectival form ------ --------------- Sun Solar Mercury Mercurial Venus Cytherean, Venerian Earth Terrestrial, Telluric Moon Lunar Mars Martian, Arean Jupiter Jovian Saturn Saturnian Uranus Uranian Neptune Neptunian Pluto Plutonian, Hadean
The seven-day system we use is based on the ancient astrological
notion that the seven known celestial bodies influence what happens
on Earth and that each of these celestial bodies controls the first
hour of the day named after it. This system was brought into
Hellenistic Egypt from Mesopotamia, where astrology had been
practiced for millenniums and where seven had always been a
propitious number. In A.D. 321 the Emperor Constantine the Great
grafted this astrological system onto the Roman calendar, made the
first day of this new week a day of rest and worship for all, and
imposed the following sequence and names to the days of the week.
This new Roman system was adopted with modifications throughout most
of western Europe: in the Germanic languages, such as Old English,
the names of four of the Roman gods were converted into those of the
corresponding Germanic gods:
Celestial Germanic modern modern
Body Latin god English Italian
------- -------- -------- --------- ----------
Sun Solis Sunday domenica
Moon Lunae Monday lunedì
Mars Martis Tiu Tuesday martedì
Mercury Mercurii Woden Wednesday mercoledì
Jupiter Jovis Thor Thursday giovedì
Venus Veneris Freya Friday venerdì
Saturn Saturni Saturday sabato
The Latin names for the weekdays survive in the modern Romance languages (though the weekend day names have been altered).
Two of the English month names are also have planetary connections: January is named for Janus and March is named for Mars.
... Appendices ... Origin
... Linguistics ... Names ... 